Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 - January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Naval officer. A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, and she developed the first compiler for a computer programming language. She conceptualized and led the development of COBOL, one of the first modern programming languages. She is also credited with popularizing the term "debugging" for fixing computer glitches (motivated by an actual moth removed from the computer). Because of the breadth of her accomplishments and her naval rank, she is sometimes referred to as "Amazing Grace". The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her.
Rear Adm. Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve in January 1967, but was recalled to active duty in August 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson because of her much-needed expertise in applied computer science. Rear Adm. Hopper retired a second time in August 1986. She passed away on Jan. 1, 1992. This is the first time since World War II, and only the second time in Naval history, that a warship has been named for a woman from the Navy's own ranks.
- Early Life and Education of Grace Hopper
- World War II Naval Service of Grace Hopper
- Univac Cobol and Computing Standards
- Retirement of Grace Hopper
- Grace Hopper Honors
- Anecdotes about Grace Hopper
- The Amazing Grace Hopper by Marianne Mckenzie
- Grace Hopper And Her Backwards Clock
- Remembering Grace Murray Hopper - A Legend in Her Own Time
- Memories of Grace Hopper by Ginny Mullen
- Editorial for Chips about Grace Hopper
- Grace Hopper Celebration - The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing is a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront. Presenters are leaders in their respective fields, representing industrial, academic and government communities. Leading researchers present their current work, while special sessions focus on the role of women in today's technology fields, including computer science, information technology, research and engineering. Past Grace Hopper Celebrations have resulted in collaborative proposals, networking, mentoring, and increased visibility for the contributions of women in computing
- Anecdotes about Grace Hopper
- Early Life and Education of Grace Hopper
- Editorial for Chips about Grace Hopper
- Grace Hopper And Her Backwards Clock
- Grace Hopper Bibliography
- Grace Hopper Honors
- Memories of Grace Hopper by Ginny Mullen
- Remembering Grace Murray Hopper - A Legend in Her Own Time
- Retirement of Grace Hopper
- The Amazing Grace Hopper by Marianne Mckenzie
- U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70)
- Univac Cobol and Computing Standards
- World War II Naval Service of Grace Hopper
- Mac Tutor [St. Andrews University]
- Grace Murray Hopper, 2004 (good chronology in addition to article) [The History of Computing Project]
- Admiral Grace Murray Hopper: Pioneer Computer Scientist Women in Science [San Diego Supercomputing Center]
- Grace Murray Hopper (electronic version of a biography from the 1994 Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing) [Yale University]
- The Wit and Wisdom of Grace Hopper, by Philip Schieber, 1987 The OCLC Newsletter
- The Grace Hopper '28 Home Page [Vassar College]
- Grace Hopper, 2006/06 Inventor of the Week [MIT]
- Grace Hopper, 2007 [IEEE Virtual Museum]
- Grace Murray Hopper, 2006 (aimed at students; good links) [The Great Idea Finder]
- ,a href = "http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/btmurr.html">Grace Murray Hopper A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries [PBS]
- Grace Hopper: Mother of the Computer [Women's International Center]
- Grace Murray Hopper, by Danuta Bois, 1998 [Distinguished Women of Past and Present]
- The Amazing Grace Hopper, by Marianne McKenzie, 1995/09/17 [Wayne McDilda]
- Grace Murray Hopper, by Rebecca Norman, 1997/2001 Biographies of Women Mathematicians [Agnes Scott College]
- Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, by Sharron Ann Danis, 1997/02/16 NSF-Supported Education Infrastructure Project [Virginia Tech/Norfolk State University]
- Grace Hopper (short and concise) 4000 Years of Women in Science [University of Alabama]
- A Tribute to Grace Murray Hopper, by Heather Lide, 2001 [University of Alabama in Huntsville]
- Grace Hopper [Cal Poly Pomona]
- Grace Murray Hopper (brief print bibliography) [San Jose State University Virtual Museum]
- Science Hero: Grace Hopper, by Edward Ortiz (aimed at young people) [My Hero Project]
- Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Biographies in Naval History [Naval Historical Center]
- Grace Murray Hopper [Arlington National Cemetary]
- Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time, by Elizabeth Dickason [Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Charleston]
- Wikipedia (much overlap with this page and a short list of print resources)
- Grace Murray Hopper (collection of interesting internal links) [James S. Huggins' Refrigerator Door]
- Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (short biography with pictures and links to other pictures) [Naval Historical Center]
- UNIVAC I with Grace Hopper [Computer Museum]
- Grave [Find-a-Grave]